URL encoder
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Two encodings, because they do different jobs: component encoding escapes `&`, `=`, `/` and `?` so a value can sit inside a query string; whole-URL encoding leaves those alone because they are the structure.
How to use the url encoder
Using the wrong one is the classic bug. Encoding a whole URL with component encoding turns `https://x.com/a?b=c` into an unusable string with the colons and slashes escaped. Encoding a query *value* with whole-URL encoding leaves an ampersand in it, which splits the parameter and silently truncates the value — a bug that appears as data going missing rather than as an error. Rule of thumb: component encoding for anything going *into* a URL, whole-URL encoding for a URL you are tidying. Decoding also treats `+` as a space, which is right for form-encoded data and not for a path segment.
Questions
Component encoding escapes the structural characters too, for values going into a URL. Whole-URL encoding leaves them, for a URL you are cleaning up.